College Physics Light and Optics Lab

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Principle and Working:
The working of a spectrometer is based on the principle that when light falls on an optical device such as a prism or diffraction grating each wavelength is refracted or bent by a unique angle. A precise spectrum can be determined by measuring the angles at which light is refracted or bent.

Experiments:

• Exp-1 To determine the refractive index of the material of prism using sodium light.
• Exp-2 To determine the dispersion power of the prism.
• Exp-3 To determine the resolving power of the prism.
• Exp-4 To determine the wavelength of sodium light using a plane diffraction grating.
• Exp-5 To determine the resolving power of a plane diffraction grating.
• Exp-6 To verify Cauchy’s equation (Mercury light source required).

Salient Features :

• 4 Two double ended verniers (Four verniers).
• 4 Smooth motion of telescope & vernier scale.
• 4 Spindle & other critical components manufactured on CNC machine.

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Experiments:

• Exp-1 To observe multiple beam Interference.
• Exp-2 To measure wavelength separation of Sodium D-lines.

Salient features :

• Including Sodium Lamp with Power Supply
• Smooth Mirror Movement
• Compact Design
• Two Micrometers with Observation Microscope

Key Topics:

• Interference.
• Wave length.
• Coherent sources.
• Febry Perot

Principle and Working:The Fabry-Perot interferometer is a standalone device that can be used to observe multiple-beam interference and measure the wavelength separation of Sodium D-lines. When equipped with other components, this device can be used to conduct other experiments such as to observe the spectral shift of a Mercury isotope or the splitting of spectral lines of atoms in a magnetic field (the Zeeman effect).

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Experiment:

• Exp-1 To observe the rotation of the plane of polarization of monochromatic light by sugar solution for determining the concentration of solution of optically active substance.

Salient Features :

• Polarimeter function can be carried out precisely in an economical unit.
• Sturdy metal housing and modular construction.

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Experiments:Michelson Interferometer

• Exp-1 Interference fringes observation.
• Exp-2 Equal thickness interference.
• Exp-3 Determination of wavelength.
• Exp-4 Refractive index of transparent slice.
• Exp-5 Equal inclination interference.
• Exp-6 White light interference.
• Exp-7 Precise comparing of wavelengths.
• Exp-8 Refractive index of air.
• Fabry-Perot Interferometer
• Exp-9 Multiple beam Interference
• Exp-10 Measurement of the wavelength separation of sodium D- lines.
• Exp-11 Measurement of wavelength of He-Ne laser.
• Twyman-Green interferometer
• Exp-12 Demonstration of Twyman-Green interferometer.

Salient Features :

• Includes both He-Ne laser and sodium tungsten lamp.
• Highly stable, Easy operation & Precision optics.
• Innovative design, with t hree modes of operation.

Key Topics:

• Interference.
• Wave length.
• Coherent sources.
• Superposition.
• Refractive index.
• Michelson.
• Fabry-Perot.
• Twyman-Green.

This equipment combines the historically important Michelson interferometer, the high resolution Fabry-Perot interferometer and the useful Twyman-Green interferometer.
Measurements are precise in three classical modes of operation. Switching between the three modes of operation and aligning components are very simple, as this complete set of high quality components is carefully mounted on a heavy, stable base.

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Salient Feature:

• 4 Direct wavelength reading after scale calibration.

Key Topics:

• 4 Emission & absorption spectrum of any spectrum tube.

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Experiment:

• Exp-2 To determine the wavelength of monochromatic light source using Fresnel’s mirror.

Key Topics:

• Interference.
• Virtual coherent source by reflection refractive index.
• Fresnel mirror.
• Wave length.
• Virtual light source.

Salient Features :

• Optical bench is heavy, rigid and stable.
• Fine measurement is also possible while using micrometer saddle.
• Saddle can hold rod from 8mm to 15mm.
• Height can be adjust using levelling screws.
• He-Ne Laser have inbuilt power supply.

Principle and Working:
The Fresnel mirror is operated using grazing light incidence, whereby one mirror is tilted by approx. 1°- 2° with respect to the light beam. After adjusting the light source so that both mirrors are illuminated with equal luminous intensity, the inclination of the two reflected light beams can be adjusted with respect to each other by turning the knurled screw.

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Experiment:

• Exp-1 To determine the wave length of monochromatic light. (using diode laser or He- Ne laser).

Salient Features :

• Precise measurement, mirror control is extremely fine with the
• micrometer of least count of 0.0001mm.
• Heavy base for high stability.
• The mirrors and beam splitter are flat upto λ /8.

Working and Principle:
When a coherent light beam enters into beam splitter, it is dividedinto two parts, thus two beams travel in different directions, are reflected into each other through two mirrors forming interference patterns when they are combined and superimposed. In the present setup, measuring the wavelength of sodium light or He-Ne laser, using an equation: λ=2.DL/n


Where DL is the total displacement whereas n is the number ofintensity maxima counted.

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Scope of Supply :

• Complete with housing for sodium vapor lamp, transformer, Base, Mounting rod, Bosshead and Sodium Bulb.

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Principle and Working :

• If a transparent isotropic material is placed in a strong magnetic field and linearly polarized light is transmitted in the direction of the magnetic field, the plane of polarization of linearly polarized light rotates by an angle.
• In the present setup the optical activity of flint glass is investigated in a magnetic field. The angle of rotation of plane polarized light is proportional to the length (L) and
• magnetic field (B).
• Where, V-Verdet’s constant
• The magnetic field is measured using Gauss meter with axial probe.

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Experiments:

• Exp-1 Observing the rotation of the polarization plane when polarized monochromatic light passes through flint glass under influence of a magnetic field.
• Exp-2 Determining Verdet's constant from the relation between rotation angle and magnetic flux.
• Exp-3 Verification of the relationship between Verdet's constant and wavelength (for SK063 only)

Salient Features :

• Experimental setup with He-Ne laser as well as halogen light source.
• All electrical connections are made using safety sockets.
• Compact electromagent
• Digital Gauss Meter.

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Experiments :

• Exp-1 To measure the light intensity of plane polarised light as a function of the analyzer position.
• Exp-2 To study the polarization of light by half wave plate.
• Exp-3 To verify the inverse square law.
• Exp-4 To verify Malus-law.

Salient features :

• Monochromatic light.
• Computer connectivity.
• Precise measurement using light sensor.

Principle and Working :
A wave plate or retarder is an optical device that alters the polarization state of a light beam traveling through it. In the present setup, the diode laser light passes through polarizer to produce linearly polarized light. It then passes through the half wave plate λ/2. The λ/2 plate produces linear polarised light. For different angles of the λ/2 plate with respect to optic axis only the polarisation plane changes. The maximum and minimum are not changed which can be investigated with the analyser.

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Experiments:

• Exp-1 To observe the spectrum of any light source : Ray Spectrum, Continuous Spectrum (Sun, Glowing Lamp, Candle), Fluorescent Spectrum.
• Exp-2 Detections, photometric measures

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Experiments :

• Exp-1 To Measure the light intensity of plane polarised light as a
• function of the analyzer position.
• Exp-2 To study the polarization of light by quarter wave plate.
• Exp-3 To study the polarization of light by two quarter wave plate.
• Exp-4 To verify the inverse square law.
• Exp-5 To verify Malus-law.

Salient features :

• Halogen light source.
• Computer connectivity.
• Precise measurement using vernier light sensor.

Principle and Working :A wave plate or retarder is an optical device that alters the polarization state of a light beam traveling through it. In the present setup, halogen light source with yellow light filter passes through a polarizer to produce linear polarized light. This polarized light then falls on a quarter wave plate λ/4. The emergent light passes through analyser. It is investigated at different angles of λ/4 plate ( 0°, 30°, 45°, 60° and 90°) between the optic axis of the wave plate and the direction of the incident light. The light intensity can be investigated with the analyser over the range -90° to +90°. At 0° and 90° of λ/4 with respect to optic axis, the transmitted light is linearly polarized, at 45° it is circularly polarized, and at 30° and 60° it is elliptically polarized.

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Experiments :

• Exp-1 To Measure the light intensity of plane polarised light as a function of the analyzer position.
• Exp-4 To verify the inverse square law.
• Exp-5 To verify Malus-law.

Salient features:

• Pin hole photo detector.
• He-Ne laser with in-built power supply.
• Optical bench with central support.
• Transversal saddle for Y-axis motion.

Principle and Working:When a light beam passes through a polarizer filter, it gets linearly polarized. When this linearly polarized light passes through analyzer, its intensity depends on the angular position of the analyzer. The maximum light intensity is transmitted when the optical axis of polarizer and analyzer coincide. The intensity of transmitted beam depends on the angular position between the optical axis of the polarizer and analyzer (q) and is defined by Malus law as I=I 0 cos 2 q where I 0 is the intensity of incident light.
Further the intensity of light depends on the distance between the source and the detector and is defined by the inverse square law.

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Experiment:

• Exp-1 To measure the rotation of the polarisation plane through optically active liquids and determine the concentration of sugar solution.

Salient Features :

• Stand alone setup integrates the sodium lamp, power supply and polarimeter in one unit.
• Inbuilt reading magnifier to read the circular scale.
• Easy to take reading because the scale reading and triple shades are visible simultaneously.

Principle and Working :A polarimeter is an instrument which measures the rotation of the polarisation plane through optically active liquids. It is used to analyse the concentration and contents of substance like sugar solutions. The polarizer produces linear polarised light. This polarised light passes through the half wave plate and then the sample substance. After this it passes through the analyser to the eyepiece. In the eyepiece a triple shadow field can be observed and the angle of rotation is measured with a circular scale and vernier.

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Experiments:

• Exp-1 The Study of diffraction and interferences
• Exp-2 The Sampling of light images – Complete software, user friendly.
• Exp-3 The Analysis of analogical/digital signals, function of the resolution of the converter
• Exp-4 The Modelling of theorical curves.
• Exp-5 The Time acquisition of the interferograms of the Michelson interferometer
• Exp-6 The Initiation to spectrometry with Fourier transform

Principle and Working:

• The CCD camera is constituted of one optical head directly interfaced with a PC computer through USB port.
• Once adjusted, it is possible to sample and operate luminous pictures with the help of complete & easy-to-use software program.

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Experiments:

• Exp-1 To measure the thickness of glass slide.
• Exp-2 To study the Mach-Zender.
• Exp-3 To study two-beam interferences.

Principle and Working:The Mach-Zender interferometer consists of two semi-reflecting plates (beamsplitters) and wo mirrors. A light beam is divided into two, after which both beams are recombined by eans of a semi- reflecting mirror. One of these beams will be named the Reference beam, while the other will allow us to take measurements on the vacuum index or plate thickness.

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Experiment:

• Exp-1 To determine the wave length of monochromatic light. using sodium light source.

Key Topics:

• Interference.
• Wave length.
• Coherent sources.
• Superposition.
• Virtual light sources.
• Circular fringes

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Experiments:

• Exp-1 To determine the wavelength of sodium light.
• Exp-2 To determine the refractive index of a liquid by using newton’s rings apparatus.
• Exp-3 To find the radius of curvature of planoconvex lens using newton’s rings experiment, given λ=5893A O.
• Exp-4 To find the thickness of a thin sheet of paper (air wedge experiment).

Salient Features:

• Modular approach, components can be used in other experiments.
• Economy model.

Principle and Working:
The light from monochromatic source is made to fall on an optically plane glass plate inclined at an angle of 45° to the vertical, where it gets reflected on to the plano-convex lens. The wavelength of monochromatic light source is determined from the radii of the interference rings.

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Experiment:

• Exp-1 To measure the numerical aperture of single and multi-mode fibers.
• Exp-2 To study the characteristic of 650nm diode laser.
• Exp-3 To study the characteristic of fiber optics photodetector.
• Exp-4 Measurement of splicing losses, bending losses and airgap losses in multi-mode fibers.
• Exp-5 To determine the refractive index of transparent solids.

Salient features:

• Separate transmitter & receiver section.
• Multimode Fiber cable 2m and 2m PMMA.
• Single mode fiber cable 5m
• In line SMA adaptor.
• Modular approach.
• High precision digital micro volt metre.
• Reflective index of transparent solids

In fiber-optic communication, both single and multi-mode optical fibers are used for the transmission of optical signals. Diode laser is used as light source, whether the system transmits digital or analogue signals. Laser fiber coupler is used to couple light from laser to fiber input end efficiently. There are mounts to hold input and output ends of the fiber firmly.

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Experiments:

• Exp-1 Calculate the numerical aperture and study the losses that occur in optical fiber cable.
• Exp-2 To study losses at FIBER junctions.
• Exp-3 To measure losses in dB of two optical FIBER patchcords and the coefficient of attenuation.
• Exp-4 To study the relationship between the LED forward current and the LED optical power output.
• Exp-5 To study the relationship between the optical input power, and the resultant photo current.
• Exp-6 To study the AC characteristics of a linear intensity modulation system.
• Exp-7 To study external circuitry to transmit an audio signal through an optical FIBER using the analogue transmitter and receiver.

Salient features:

• In-built function generator.
• Separate transmitter & receiver section.
• Microphone input section.
• Audio amplifier output section.
• Fiber cable 1m and 5m PMMA.
• In line SMA adaptor.

In order to understand the fundamental of optical fibers and analogue optical fiber communication, this kit has been designed. Wiring diagram for Fiber Optic Analogue Transmitter, Fiber Optic Analogue Receiver, Fiber Optic LED Driver and Optical Power Meter has been shown on the panel of kit.

In the present setup, eight experiment can be performed by using this trainer. The user can design a number of other interesting experiments and small projects based on the kit. Provided with detailed instruction manual.

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Experiment:

• Exp- To determine the Speed of Light in air.

Salient Features :

• 1MHz internal modulation frequency.
• Dual photo detector.

Principle and Working :The LASER beam from the Transmitter strikes the Beam Splitter to split the beam in two perpendicular directions. The first beam is transmitted through Transmitter directly and is received in first channel of the receiver. The second perpendicular beam from Beam Splitter travels a larger distance by being reflected back from a mirror placed about 5 meter or more and is received in second channel of the receiver.
In the present setup, the time difference between the two peaks of received LASER signals can be observed on a oscilloscope (>40MHz) and can be used to calculate the Speed of Light.

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Experiment:

• Exp-1 To determine the wavelength of monochromatic light source using Fresnel’s biprism.

Salient Features :

• Optical bench is heavy, rigid and stable.
• Fine measurement is also possible while using micrometer saddle.
• Saddle can hold rod from 8mm to 15mm.
• Height can be adjust using levelling screws.

Key Topics:

• Interference.
• Fresnel biprism.
• Coherent sources by refraction.
• Wave length.
• Virtual light source.

Principle and Working:Fresnel's Biprism used to create two Virtual coherent light sources by refraction and reflection respectively and observe interference phenomenon. Monochromatic light in these experiments is produced by sodium light source or he-ne laser. The wavelength (λ) can be determined by the formula

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Experiment :

• Exp- To find out focal length of a combination of lenses using nodal slide assembly.

Salient Features :

• Multipurpose A-base modular construction.

Experimental set-up has been designed specifically for determination of focal length of a combination of two convergent lenses using Nodal Slide Assembly. The set-up consists of Nodal Slide Assembly, Light source, slit, convex lenses, object screen and base support.
The set up is complete in all respect and requires no other accessories. Practical experience on this set up carries great educative value for Science and Engineering Students.
This setup helps students to understand the basic property of lens like focal length, focus point, principal point and nodal point centre of curvature etc.

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Experiments:

• Exp-1 To demonstrate that light spreads when it passes through a narrow aperture.
• Exp-2 To observe the diffraction patterns by holes, single slit and double slit, mesh, grating, grid, opaque spots.
• Exp-3 To demonstrate Young’s fringes.
• Exp-4 To demonstrate Fresnel’s diffraction.
• Exp-5 To measure wavelength of light using a millimeter scale as a grating.
• Exp-6 To demonstrate fringes of equal inclination.

Salient features :

• Imported slits.
• He-Ne laser with in-built power supply.
• Translucent screen to view the diffraction pattern.
• Hexagonal optical bench with locking arrangement.

Principle and Working:Diffraction phenomenon of light cab be observed when a laser beam passes through a slit or grating. The diffraction pattern can be observed on a translucent screen.
In the present setup single slit, double slit, multiple slit, single tapered slit, fine grating, holes, circular opaque spot, gray filter, mesh and coarse grating are used for diffraction experiments with a he-ne laser.

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Experiment :

• Exp-1 To demonstrate the kerr effect in nitrobenzene solution (only observation).
• Exp-2 To measure the light intensity as a function of voltage across the kerr cell using photo detector.

Salient Features :

• All electrical connections are made using safety sockets.
• Easy to setup experiment.
• Can be performed by diode laser and halogen lamp.

Principle and Working :
Certain materials under the influence of strong electric field become doubly refractive. The effect known as Kerr effect can be observed in this experiment with nitrobenzene solution.

In the present setup, a small glass container mounted with plate capacitor is filled with liquid. The container is kept between two filters placed at 90°. There will be dark field of view on screen initially but after applying electric field, the field of view brightens, because the light beam becomes elliptically polarised when passed through the birefringent liquid.

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Experiments:

• Exp-1 Determination the wavelength of He-Ne laser using diffraction grating.
• Exp-2 Determination the particle size of lycopodium powder.

Salient features :

• Imported slits.
• He-Ne laser with in-built power supply.
• Translucent screen to view the diffraction pattern.

Shine an expended He-Ne laser beam through a plate dusted with lycopodium powder to construct circular rings on the screen which are nearly spherical and have a very uniform average diameter. The quality of the ring depends on the evenness of dusting.

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Experiments:

• Exp-1 Diffraction of light by single slit.
• Exp-2 Diffraction of light by double slit.
• Exp-3 Diffraction of light by multiple slit.
• Exp-4 Diffraction of light by fine wire.
• Exp-5 Diffraction of light by cross wire.
• Exp-6 Diffraction of light by wire mesh.
• Exp-7 Diffraction of light by transmission grating.
• Exp-8 Diffraction of light by coarse grating.
• Exp-9 Diffraction of light by circular aperture (Pinhole).
• Exp-10 Diffraction of light by grid.
• Exp-11 Diffraction of light by grey filter.
• Exp-12 Diffraction of light by tapered single slit.
• Exp-13 Diffraction of light by circular opaque spots.

Salient features :

• Imported diffraction slide set in SK078.
• Set of 13 slides in SK173.
• Class II diode laser.
• Silicon detector.

Principle and Working:
Diffraction phenomenon of light can be observed when a laser beam passes through a diffraction slit. The intensity pattern can be determined using a pin photo detector with fine movement across the diffraction pattern.

In the present setup, the light intensity in the terms of current or voltage is noted at closed intervals by finely traversing the detector movement and observing the light intensity on a digital multimeter. The intensity versus distance curve is plotted on a graph for calculations. The device consists of one meter long optical bench with two transverse saddle for laser and slit mount and one transverse saddle with micrometer for detector. A number of diffraction slits and gratings are provided with this setup.

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Experiments:

• Exp-1 To study 3D chemical kinetics.
• Exp-2 To study coloured filter spectrum.
• Exp-3 To study line spectrum.
• Exp-4 To study Beer Lambert’s law.
• Exp-5 To study solar spectrum.
• Exp-6 To study Wien’s law.
• Exp-7 To study reflection spectrum analysis.
• Exp-8 To study sodium absorption peak.
• Exp-9 To study colour temperature.
• Exp-10 To study device calibration and uncertainty.

Key Topics:

• 3D chemical kinetics study
• Coloured filter spectrum study
• Line spectrum study
• Beer Lambert’s law
• Solar spectrum
• Wien’s law
• Reflection spectrum analysis
• Sodium absorption peak
• Colour temperature
• Device calibration and uncertainty

Optical fibres allow great freedom of movement. Used fordemonstrations during classes, they will let you move from source to source easily. The simple, intuitive software, with its multi-station system, allows measurement and superimposition of curves. It is ideal for showing the gases making up different bulbs, such as mercury in energy saving light bulbs. Combined with a video projector, the SPID spectrometer will prove indispensable in your classes. Three display modes, simple, coloured and spectroscope mode, are available.